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Autor Poruka
 Tema posta: NOVALGETOL ni kriv ni duzan!
PostPoslato: Pon Dec 31, 2007 1:24 am 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Čet Jul 27, 2006 6:20 pm
Postovi: 3798
Lokacija: Pozarevac
Sa sajta: http://www.who.int/medicines/publicatio ... 2002_1.pdf


Citiraj:
A Reappraisal of Antipyretic and Analgesic Drugs

Dr Anthony Wong, MD, PhD, Medical Director , CEATOX, Instituto da Criança, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Most antipyretics and analgesics are sold as prescription-free, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in most countries. The main OTC drugs marketed worldwide are acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), meta-mizole, paracetamol and ibuprofen. Metamizole was first marketed in Germany in 1922 and is a member of the phenyl-pyrazolone group of drugs. It has been the center of considerable controversy as regards its safety.

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reports with Metamizole - Facts & Flaws

An abnormally high incidence of agranulocytosis (0.86%) was reported by Discombe(1) from a retrospective study of four reports totalling 1272 subjects receiving metamizole. A survey by Huguley(2), which added 127 subjects to that report, found an incidence of 0.79%, with a mortality rate of 0.57%. Both papers had two major flaws: 1) positive cases were compiled more than once, resulting in these extraordinary figures, and 2) the ADR figures for metamizole included reports due to aminopyrine and phenyl-butazone, two other drugs also belonging to the phenyl-pyrazolone group. If these numbers were indeed true, it may be surmised that there would have been 102,000 cases of agranulocytosis, with 73,440 deaths among users per year in Germany; 144,300 cases and 103,900 deaths in Spain; and 195,000 cases and 140,400 deaths in France and Italy(3). In other words, the death toll due to agranulocytosis caused by metamizole alone would be several times higher than the deaths from myocardial infarc-tion and cardiac arrhythmias combined. Sir Richard Doll referring to Huguley’s paper stated that the evidence which led to the proscription of metamizole in the UK and the USA, 30 years ago was weak by modern standards(4).

Several subsequent large-scale population studies have re-evaluated the incidence of drug-related agranulocytosis. The International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anaemia Study, also known as the Boston Study, surveyed a population of 22.8 million in seven European cities and Jerusalem for over 6½ years, and reported an overall incidence of 1 case per million persons per year(5). Two reports from Brazil, by Sollero(6) and Hamerschlak(7) found an even lower risk for metamizole. In 1998 Andrade et al. conducted a meta-analysis to compare epidemiological studies from 1975 to 1995 and estimated that the excess mortality per million from community acquired cases of agranulocytosis, aplastic an-aemia, anaphylaxis and serious upper gastrointestinal compli-cations was 592 for diclofenac, 185 for ASA, 25 for metamizole, and 20 for paracetamol(8). CIOMS IV in the same year reported the excess mortality risk for the same conditions to be: diclofenac=5.92; ASA=2.03; metamizole=0.20; and para-cetamol=0.25(9). These studies certainly suggest that the risks from adverse reactions to metamizole are similar to those posed by paracetamol, a drug widely reputed to be safe. According to the CIOMS IV conclusion “Newer methods of epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of agranulocytosis (1.7 per million) due to metamizole was exaggerated in the 70’s” (9).

The Ministry of Health in Brazil convened an international panel of experts in July 2001 to evaluate the safety of metamizole and concluded that: “(a) There is consensus that its efficacy as an analgesic and antipyretic is unquestionable; (b) The data presented before this panel allow the participants to conclude that the risks of metamizole are similar, or even lower, than of other analgesic/ antipyretic drugs available on the market; and (c) A change in the present regulatory status of metamizole would incur in negative aspects to the population, increasing the risk from the use of other drugs indicated for the same therapeutic ends”(10).

A randomized, double blind, multinational study involving 555 children showed that metamizole and ibuprofen were significantly more effective than paracetamol in achieving normal body temperatures; metamizole produced a significantly greater temperature reduction than ibuprofen and paracetamol, and helped maintain low tempera-tures for a longer duration(11). An editorial on the report from this study commented that drugs such as metamizole were perhaps unjustly deleted from our pharmacopoeia because of imprecise studies of adverse side effect; some of the older therapeutic agents such as metamizole may be identified as having clinical utility in children(12).

Paracetamol – Some Concerns

Paracetamol has long been heralded as a safe drug and gained wide popularity, more so after Reye’s syndrome was linked to ASA. However, several recent papers have addressed concerns and questioned the drug’s safety following deaths and hepatotoxicity due to intentional and ‘therapeutic’ overdoses, severe drug interactions, nutritional factors and associated diseases. Para-cetamol has been the major cause of drug-related acute liver failure and deaths in the USA and the UK(13). The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) lists paracetamol as the single major cause of death reported to the American poison centers since 1994(14,15). In October 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a Policy Statement with warnings on the risk factors conducive to paracetamol poisoning, and recommendations for its prevention and early diagnosis (16). In addition to hepatotoxicity, paracetamol and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with analgesic nephropathy. A recent paper has indicated an odds ratio for chronic renal disease of 5.3 for paracetamol and 3.3 for ASA, with increased risk for pre-existing renal disease. Such an association with renal disease was not observed for propoxyphene or metamizole(17). A recent study has linked chronic use and abuse of paracetamol to a major risk of non-genetic and non-environmental asthma, with the risk increasing with cumulative dosage(18). Altered clotting time, especially when associated with the use of warfarin, has also been well documented.

In conclusion

Generally speaking, it might not be suitable to treat yellow fever, dengue, infectious gastro-enteritis, and other febrile illnesses that require prolonged treatment, with high doses of paracetamol or NSAIDs due to the risk of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, severe gastro-intestinal irritation and bleeding disorders with chronic use of these drugs. In these instances metamizole might be an alternative choice because of its prolonged action, efficacy, absence of clotting disorders, and low cost. The case presented for metamizole, while open to debate, suggests the need to continuously review evidence for drug safety of all products to reduce the loss of potentially safe, efficacious and cost-effective drugs from the market. It also points to the need for continuing pharmacovigilance in older, more established drugs.

References:
1. Discombe G. Agranulocytosis caused by aminopyrine. An avoidable cause of death. BMJ 1952; 1: 1270-1273.
2. Huguley Jr CM. Agranulocytosis induced by dipyrone, a hazardous antipyretic and analgesic. JAMA 1964; 189: 93d1-941.
3. Pola W. Rare serious side effects following intake of dipyrone (Analgin). In: R. Ovtcharov and W. Pola (eds) Dipyrone - Symposium Moscow 1978 (Proceedings) p. 11-17, Stuttgart, New York, F.K. Schattauer Verlag.
4. Doll R, Lunde PK, Moeschlin S. Analgesics, agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia. Lancet 1987; 1:101.
5. International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study. Risks of agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia. A first report of their relation to drug use with special reference to analgesics. JAMA 1986; 256:1749-1757.
6. Sollero L. Incidence of agranulocytosis and the use of dipyrone in Brazil. Rev Bras Pesquisas Med Biol 1976; 9:79-86.
7. Hamerschlak N, Montezuma MPVT, Bacal N et al. Retrospective prevalence and incidence of drug-induced agranulocytosis in the city of São Paulo – Brazil. Rev Paul Med 1993; 111:294-298.
8. Andrade SE, Martinez C, Walker AM. Comparative safety evaluation of non-narcotic analgesics. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 1357-1365.
9. CCIOMS WORKING GROUP IV – Geneva, 1998 – Benefit-Risk Balance of Marketed Drugs: Evaluating Drug Signals.
10. Oliveira GG. Painel Internacional de Avaliação da Segurança da Dipirona [International Panel for the Evaluation of the Safety of Dipyrone]. Diário Oficial da União, sec. I, p. 201-202, 16 Aug.2001.
11. Wong A, Sibbald A, Ferrero F et al. Antipyretic effects of dipyrone versus ibuprofen versus acetaminophen in children: results of a multinational, randomized, modified double blind study. Clin Pediatr 2001; 40: 313-324.
12. Berlin C. Editorial: Are we losing good drugs? Clin Pediatr 2001; 40: 325-326.
13. Fagan E, Wanna G. Reducing paracetamol overdoses. BMJ 1996; 313: 1417-1418.
14. Litovitz TI, Felberg L, Soloway RA et al. 1994 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Amer J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 551-597.
15. Litovitz T, Klein-Schwartz W, White S et al. 1999 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Amer J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 517-574.
16. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS – COMMITTEE ON DRUGS. Acetaminophen Toxicity in Children. Pediatrics 2001; 108(4): 1020-1024.
17. Fored CM, Ejerblad E, Lindblad P et al. Acetaminophen, aspirin and chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 11801-1808.
18. Janson C, Anto J, Burney P et al. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey: what are the results so far? European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. Eur Resp J 2001; 18: 598-611.
16 • WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter No. 1, 2002



Sredinom 1970-ih je metamizol (kod nas poznat kao Analgin i Novalgetol) izbacen iz upotrebe u mnogim zemljama, pre svega u SAD, a zatim i u pojedinim zemljama Zapadne Evrope. I danas se mnogi pacijenti, lekari i farmaceuti sa strahom odnose prema ovom leku, pozivajuci se na 30 i vise godina stare statisticke podatke, koji su vise nego pogresni. Na zalost, cesto se cuje da je prisustvo Analgina/Novalgetola u nasim apotekama i ordinacijama samo jos jedan od dokaza koliko smo "zaostali za svetom". U skladu sa takvim "trendom", nedavno je Republicki Zavod za zdravstveno osiguranje zabranio davanje ampula Novalgetola u vanbolnickim uslovima. Lek kojim smo se uspesno decenijama borili protiv bolova i povisene temperature, proteran je iz srpskog zdravstva.

Koliko su pogresne i naduvane bile statisticke procene na osnovu kojih je metamizol izbacen iz upotrebe u SAD i pojedinim zemljama Evrope, govori ovaj odlican clanak, objavljen u casopisu Svetske Zdravstvene Organizacije.

Citiraj:
"In 1998 Andrade et al. conducted a meta-analysis to compare epidemiological studies from 1975 to 1995 and estimated that the excess mortality per million from community acquired cases of agranulocytosis, aplastic an-aemia, anaphylaxis and serious upper gastrointestinal complications was 592 for diclofenac, 185 for ASA, 25 for metamizole, and 20 for paracetamol(8)."


Meta-analize, koje su najvalidnije u savremenoj naucnoj metodologiji, pokazuju da je diklofenak cak 23 puta opasniji, aspirin 7 ipo puta, a paracetamol je opasan skoro isto koliko i metamizol (Novalgetol/Analgin).

Citiraj:
"The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) lists paracetamol as the single major cause of death reported to the American poison centers since 1994"


Paracetamol (Febricet, Miralgin, Eferalgan...) - lek koji masovno dajemo deci i odraslima bez ikakvog straha, verujuci da je bezbedan - oznacen je kao glavni uzrok smrti usled trovanja lekovima u Americi. Ipak, taj lek je popularan i medju pacijentima i medju lekarima, dok se metamizol izbacuje sa liste lekova, osudjuje se kao znak nase "nazadnosti" i zanemaruje se da ima pootvrdjeno jace antipireticko dejstvo od Brufena (ibubrofena) i paracetamola.

Nadam se da ce oni koji donose odluke o povlacenju provereno dobrih lekova sa trzista (i ubacivanju homeopatskih vodica u drzavne apoteke) poceti makar malo da trezveno razmisljaju i da objektivno pristupe podacima na osnovu kojih treba da odlucuju.

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Primarijus dr med. Ivica Zdravkovic, specijalista opste medicine
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PostPoslato: Pon Dec 31, 2007 2:47 am 
OffLine Novi član Novi član
Pridružio se: Ned Jul 04, 2004 2:00 am
Postovi: 49
Dali se to odnosi na samotrovanje ili na redovnu upotrebu Paracetamola?


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 Tema posta:
PostPoslato: Pon Dec 31, 2007 4:05 pm 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Čet Jul 27, 2006 6:20 pm
Postovi: 3798
Lokacija: Pozarevac
Na zalost, odnosi se na redovnu, normalnu upotrebu leka, u dozama preporucenim od proizvodjaca.

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 Tema posta:
PostPoslato: Sre Jan 02, 2008 1:54 am 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Sub Dec 01, 2007 12:38 pm
Postovi: 3083
nepoverenje prema novalgetolu na nasim prostorima vodi poreklo iz 90-tih, kada je ko zna kojim putevima stizala ko zna koja supstanca, za vreme sankcija. tada je u nekoliko navrata belezen povecan broj anafilaktickih reakcija nego sto je uobicajeno za ovu supstancu. mislim da je to razlog...


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 Tema posta:
PostPoslato: Čet Jan 03, 2008 1:45 pm 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Čet Mar 16, 2006 1:33 am
Postovi: 1329
Lokacija: BEOGRAD
drbgd je napisao:
nepoverenje prema novalgetolu na nasim prostorima vodi poreklo iz 90-tih, kada je ko zna kojim putevima stizala ko zna koja supstanca, za vreme sankcija. tada je u nekoliko navrata belezen povecan broj anafilaktickih reakcija nego sto je uobicajeno za ovu supstancu. mislim da je to razlog...


Ovo je zaista jedan od proverenih objašnjenja! Vaš kolega, iz KBC je baš tih '90-tih godina i izjavljivao, citiram ,''Više pacijenata imamo sa jakim reakcijama na Novalgetol ,nego na penicilin''

Mada u to vreme kao što reče drbgd ,ko zna šta se uvozilo,odakle kojim kanalima ....

Citiraj:
Nadam se da ce oni koji donose odluke o povlacenju provereno dobrih lekova sa trzista (i ubacivanju homeopatskih vodica u drzavne apoteke) poceti makar malo da trezveno razmisljaju i da objektivno pristupe podacima na osnovu kojih treba da odlucuju


Teško, ipak farmaceutske kuće ,da ne budem grublja, jako dobro vode politiku koja njima treba,naravno tu mislim na materijalnu korist,a o trezvenosti oni ni ne pomišljlju ! Pa ko još brine o narodu!?


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PostPoslato: Čet Jan 03, 2008 9:02 pm 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Čet Jul 27, 2006 6:20 pm
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Lokacija: Pozarevac
Bilo kako bilo, ja svojim pacijentima prepisujem Analgin tablete ili Novalgetol injekcije za temperaturu kadgod ne moram da dajem paracetamol... Ako neko od kolega lekara ili farmaceuta nesto posebno zameri, samo ga uputim da procita na osnovu kojih i kakvih studija je Novalgetol "osudjen".

O losim lekovima da ne govorim. Koliko se samo "Cave Penicillin" pojavilo posle pojedinih serija Pancilina... Iili - koliko otoka potkolenica smo imali posle pojedinih verzija amlodipina, normalan covek bi se upitao: ko je smislio ovaj lek??? Ali - to se pojavljivalo samo kod domacih verzija amlodipina - a kod Norvasca nikad...

Sta smo sve popili od kineskih i ostalih "humanitarnih lekova" tokom devedesetih, bolje da ne razmisljamo :cry:

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PostPoslato: Čet Jan 03, 2008 10:32 pm 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Sub Dec 01, 2007 12:38 pm
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"cave penicillin" etiketu cesto dobiju pacijenti u sezonama kada je glavni izazivac akutnih respiratornih infekcija neki od virusa koji kao simptom daje rash po kozi. institut za infektivne bolesti bi trebalo da bude manje inertan i da kada smo u takvim godinama energicnije obavestava ustanove i kolege iz primarne prakse. takodje, iz ove ustanove nema obavestenja o empirijskoj antibiotskoj terapiji...


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PostPoslato: Čet Jan 03, 2008 11:14 pm 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Aktivan član Aktivan član
Pridružio se: Sre Nov 03, 2004 4:09 pm
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Dr Ivice, pa zar takav eminentni strucnjak,nama rado vidjen i omiljen, a ima sajt na tripod besplatnom domenu, nedostojno vase reputacije...
Tesko cu se ja i svi ljudi koje znam odreci analgina, pa ma sta se pricalo?

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PostPoslato: Pet Jan 04, 2008 12:34 am 
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HAHAHAHA, mislite na tripod.com...?

Pa, nije da se zalim, jeste besplatan, ali je jedan od najpouzdanijih na internetu. Tu imam sajt i svoje borilacko-sportske organizacije, skoro 3.000 poseta dnevno, evo, vec 8 godina.

Ali, nazad na temu: Analgin/Novalgetol je odlican lek i zaista bi trebalo dati javno saopstenje o njegovoj realnoj stetnosti odn. opasnosti od stetnih efekata, jer je ista mnogo manja nego kod mnogih "pouzdanijih" i od farmaceuta i lekara preporucivanih lekova... Setite se samo Nimulid sirupa koji smo davali deci, pa je proglasen za katastrofu i povucen. Ili obrnutih slucajeva - kad odjednom nestane sa trzista sjajan lek, pa sad, na primer, nema Mucodyn-a i Bisolvona, sad smo odjednom pametni za neke stvari, a pre smo bili neuki i glupi....

Ili, kad vidim kako pisu Letrox, a Tivoral kao "ne valja"...

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 Tema posta:
PostPoslato: Sub Jan 05, 2008 4:02 pm 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Sub Dec 22, 2007 9:07 pm
Postovi: 1484
Lokacija: VMA
Samo mala opaska:
Iz ambulanti i domova zdravlja izbacivan je Novalgetol iz upotrebe zbog straha od anafilakse a iz KBC /tu su se manje plasili anafilakse/ zbog agranulocitoze.
Inace, konkretno u VMA se koristio i obilato se koristi i dan-danas i kao odlican analgetik i kao antipiretik.
Ipak, malo utesno?


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PostPoslato: Sub Jan 05, 2008 4:09 pm 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni član
Pridružio se: Čet Jul 27, 2006 6:20 pm
Postovi: 3798
Lokacija: Pozarevac
Zivela VMA! Zna vojska sta je dobro :)

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PostPoslato: Sub Jan 05, 2008 6:10 pm 
Korisnikov avatar OffLine Aktivan član Aktivan član
Pridružio se: Čet Dec 14, 2006 9:36 pm
Postovi: 806
Ah, da, nimulid... ali jedino sam njime uspela da ocu temperaturu spustim sa 41 stepen


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 Tema posta: Re: NOVALGETOL ni kriv ni duzan!
PostPoslato: Sub Jun 11, 2011 3:01 am 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni  član
Pridružio se: Ned Jul 11, 2010 5:53 pm
Postovi: 92
Baš sam više puta razmišljala o tome da u Varagićevoj farmakologiji piše da ne postoji opravdana indikacija za primenu Novalgetola, a s druge strane, lekari u hitnoj ga daju kod ulkusa želuca i ostalih bolova. Može li mi neko objasniti tu kontradiktornost? U medicini me najviše nervira što različiti udžbenici pišu različite stvari, svako ima neku svoju teoriju. :roll:


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 Tema posta: Re: NOVALGETOL ni kriv ni duzan!
PostPoslato: Ned Jun 12, 2011 11:46 pm 
OffLine Novi član Novi član
Pridružio se: Ned Jul 04, 2004 2:00 am
Postovi: 49
Objasnjenje je mozda u tome da neki vole da misle kako su obrazovaniji i pametniji od vecine ostalog sveta. Sto se udzbenika tice nije bas tako beznadezno. Neki autori jasno oznacavaju sta je opsteprihvacena teorija a sta je diskutabilno i tu diskusiju ostavljaju citaocu da razresi drugim sredstvima. Postoje i oni udzbenici gde nema nedoumica, gde je sve jasno i nema mesta diskusiji - to su uglavnom oni koje pisu profesori nekih medicinisih fakulteta kada ocekuju da im studenti na ispitima daju odgovore iz njih. Sto se prakse tice, bilo bi lepo kada bi postojale smernice na nivou zemlje.


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 Tema posta: Re: NOVALGETOL ni kriv ni duzan!
PostPoslato: Čet Jul 07, 2011 7:17 pm 
OffLine Stalni član Stalni  član
Pridružio se: Pon Jun 08, 2009 10:43 am
Postovi: 63
Nisam lekar, ali moram samo da iznesem licno iskustvo o Novalgetolu.
U vreme adolescencije sam jako patila od raznih virusni i bakterijskih infekcija grla, nosa, pluca i sl. koje su bile pracene visokom, ali bas visokom temperaturom 40 stepeni celzijusovih i takvu temperaturu jedino sam uspevala "skinuti" Novalgetolom u injekcijama, tesko mi je bilo zbog malaksalosti doci do auta i izaci do Doma zdravlja da ga primim (jer to nisu hteli ili nisu smeli da daju u "kucnoj radinosti"), ali sam znala da cu jedino tako uspeti sebi da olaksam muke... Nisu pomagali ni paracetamoli, ni acetilsalicilne kiseline, ni brufeni... Bas sam se iznenadila kad sam procitala da se Novalgetol nalazi na "crnoj listi" :(((
Nadam se da ga nece izbaciti iz prodaje, jer sigurna sam da nije samo meni pomogao bez ikakvih stetnih posledica.

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Svako dobro!


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