Citiraj:
Dietary influences on cardiovascular disease risk in anabolic steroid-using and nonusing bodybuilders
S. M. Kleiner, L. H. Calabrese, K. M. Fiedler, H. K. Naito, C. I. Skibinski and K. M. Fielder
Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.
Recent studies have described an association between high-risk lipoprotein profiles and anabolic steroid abuse by athletes. However, none have included a comprehensive evaluation of diet as a confounding variable. The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associations with drug abuse, dietary patterns, and training regimens were evaluated in 18 steroid-using (SU) and 17 non-steroid-using (NSU; no history of drug use or greater than or equal to 1 year drug-free) male bodybuilders. CVD risk was also evaluated in 10 control males. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and HDL subfractions 2 and 3, low-density (LDL) and very-low-density (VLDL) lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins (APO) A-1 and B, and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed at baseline (greater than or equal to 6 months drug-free) and the peak of steroid self-administration in SU. NSU were tested at similar times. Baseline CVD risk factor ratios (TC/HDL) were elevated (greater than 4.97) in 44% of SU and 24% of NSU. When baseline LDL and HDL values were compared to National Cholesterol Education Program CVD risk guidelines, these percentages stayed the same. At the peak of steroid administration significant changes were observed in LDL (22% increase), HDL (63% decrease), HDL-2 (86% decrease), HDL-3 (54% decrease), and TC/HDL (85% increase). No similar measures were observed among NSU or controls. Diets of all bodybuilders were similar, and included a daily intake of 5739 (+/- 2500) kcal, 324 (+/- 163) g protein, 637 (+/- 259) g carbohydrate, 214 (+/- 109) g fat, 5 (+/-
g alcohol, 1413 (+/- 1151) mg cholesterol, and a P/S ratio of 0.6 (+/- 0.3). Significant relationships between dietary fats and serum lipids were observed in the NSU. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were correlated with TG and VLDL (r = 0.69; p = 0.01), and TC/HDL (r = 0.06; p = 0.04). Total fats were correlated with TG (r = 0.57; p = 0.05), HDL-3 (r = -0.62; p = 0.04), and VLDL (r = 0.57; p = 0.05), and saturated fats with HDL-3 (r = -0.59; p = 0.055). Diet was moderately associated with lipoproteins in SU, but steroids had a much greater influence on CVD risk. Despite disease promoting diets NSU had relatively average CVD risk that may be attributed to protective effects of rigorous training.
Preuzeto sa
http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/109
Objasnjenje
visok LDL, nizak HDL faktori rizika za razvoj akutnog infarkta miokarda
Dalje
Anabolic Steroids and the Male Reproductive System
AS are derivatives of testosterone, which has strong genitotropic effects. For this reason, it will not be surprising that side effects include the reproductive system. Application of anabolic steroids leads to supra-physiological concentrations of testosterone or testosterone derivatives. Via the feed back loop, the production and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) is decreased.
Prolonged use of anabolic steroids in relatively high doses will lead to
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, with decreased serum concentrations of LH, FSH, and testosterone.
There are strong indications that the duration, dosage, and chemical structure of the anabolic steroids are important for the serum concentrations of gonadotropins. A moderate decrease of gonadotropin secretion causes
atrophy of the testes, as well as a
decrease of sperm cell production.
Oligo, azoospermia and an increased number of abnormal sperm cells have been reported in athletes using AS, resulting in a
decreased fertility.
A well known side effect of AS in males is
breast formation (gynecomastia). Gynecomastia is caused by increased levels of circulating estrogens, which are typical female sex hormones. The estrogens estradiol and estrone are formed in males by peripheral aromatization and conversion of AS. The increased levels of circulation estrogens in males stimulate breast growth. In general,
gynecomastia is irreversible.
AS may affect sexual desire. Although few investigations on this issue have been published, it appears that during AS use sexual desire is increased, although the
frequency of erectile dysfunction is increased. This may seem contradictory, but sexual appetite is androgen dependent, while erectile function is not. Since sexual desire and aggressiveness are increased during AS use, the risk of getting involved in sexual assault may be increased.
Anabolic Steroids and the Female Reproductive System
In the normal female body small amounts of testosterone are produced, and as in males, artificially increasing levels by administration of AS will affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. An increase in circulating androgens will inhibit the production and release of LH and FSH, resulting in a decline in serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogens and progesterone. This may result in i
nhibition of follicle formation, ovulation, and irregularities of the menstrual cycle. The irregularities of the menstrual cycle are characterized by a prolongation of the follicular phase, shortening of the luteal phase or amenorrhea. Although these changes are generally more pronounced in younger women, large inter-individual responsiveness to anabolic steroids exists. The effects of AS dosages as generally used in sport, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in females are hardly studied.
Other side effects of anabolic steroid use in females are increased sexual desire and
hypertrophy of the clitoris. The few systematic studies that have been conducted suggest that the effects are similar to the effects in patients, treated with anabolic steroids.
Anabolic steroid use by pregnant women may lead to
pseudohermaphroditism or to growth retardation of the female fetus. Anabolic steroid use
may even lead to fetal death. However, these side effects have not been studied systematically. It is likely that the severity of the side effects is related to the dosage, duration of use and the type of the drug.
Additional side effects of anabolic steroids specifically in women are
acne, hair loss, withdrawal of the frontal hair line, male pattern boldness, lowering of the voice, increased facial hair growth, and breast atrophy. The lowering of the voice, decreased breast size, clitoris hypertrophy and hair loss are generally irreversible. Females using AS may develop masculine facial traits, male muscularity, and coarsening of the skin.
When anabolic steroids are administered in growing children side effects include virilization, gynecomastia, and premature closure of the epiphysis, resulting in cessation of longitudinal growth.